Spring, 2002
TOEIC Intensive Course
Course description:
This course is designed to prepare students for TOEIC
standardized test planning on taking it near the
future. In the 4 days of the total hours of 22 and half hours,
students will learn how to study and prepare
themselves for their coming day of the examination. Also,
students will be practicing taking many TOEIC
questions to be accustomed to the structure and style of the test
format. This is just a notice, but
please understand that you will NOT be able to improve your
English proficiency drastically in this limited
amount of time. However, you WILL learn the test taking
strategies so that you can improve your
scores within the limited time. Some additional speaking/listening
activities and, if the time allows, the
standardized speaking test, Language Proficiency Interview, will
be covered as well.
Course Objectives:
You will learn the followings:
1. the structure of TOEIC
2. test taking strategies (i.e., reading strategies, and guessing
meanings from stems)
3. practical concepts of linguistic studies such as morphology,
phonology, and grammar.
Requirements:
You are required to complete the followings to get a credit for
this course:
1. taking two TOEIC tests
2. your enthusiastic participation
3. taking a final examination mainly tested on the test-taking
strategies
Evaluation:
The final grade for this course is determined by the following
criteria:
1. attendance 30%
2. two scores of the TOEIC tests 30% (norm-reference test)
3. final exam 40% (criterion-reference test)
Materials:
TOEICテスト650点クリア実践問題集
Also, many handouts are provided for students’ further
studying, to explain the test taking strategies and
for additional activities. It is a good idea to bring a folder to
keep the all handouts.
Others:
You can make yourself comfortable in many ways except sleeping.
Seeing sleeping students is very
discouraging to me. I will make this class as enjoyable as I can,
but I would appreciate your cooperation if
you could possibly contribute to an effective management of this
class. Depending upon your attitude
toward the learning, this class can be very torturing and
painful, but I strongly hope you enjoy this class.
I must say that this is an extremely challenging course for you
and me.
If you have any concerns, feel free to e-mail me to:
takaakikumazawa@hotmail.com.
Spring, 2002
TOEIC Intensive Course
Course description:
This course is designed to prepare students for TOEIC
standardized test planning on taking it near the
future. In the 4 days of the total hours of 22 and half hours,
students will learn how to study and prepare
themselves for their coming day of the examination. Also,
students will be practicing taking many TOEIC
questions to be accustomed to the structure and style of the test
format. This is just a notice, but
please understand that you will NOT be able to improve your
English proficiency drastically in this limited
amount of time. However, you WILL learn the test taking
strategies so that you can improve your
scores within the limited time. Some additional speaking/listening
activities and, if the time allows, the
standardized speaking test, Language Proficiency Interview, will
be covered as well.
Course Objectives:
You will learn the followings:
1. the structure of TOEIC
2. test taking strategies (i.e., reading strategies, and guessing
meanings from stems)
3. practical concepts of linguistic studies such as morphology,
phonology, and grammar.
Requirements:
You are required to complete the followings to get a credit for
this course:
1. taking two TOEIC tests
2. your enthusiastic participation
3. taking a final examination mainly tested on the test-taking
strategies
Evaluation:
The final grade for this course is determined by the following
criteria:
1. attendance 30%
2. two scores of the TOEIC tests 30% (norm-reference test)
3. final exam 40% (criterion-reference test)
Materials:
TOEICテスト650点クリア実践問題集
Also, many handouts are provided for students’ further
studying, to explain the test taking strategies and
for additional activities. It is a good idea to bring a folder to
keep the all handouts.
Others:
You can make yourself comfortable in many ways except sleeping.
Seeing sleeping students is very
discouraging to me. I will make this class as enjoyable as I can,
but I would appreciate your cooperation if
you could possibly contribute to an effective management of this
class. Depending upon your attitude
toward the learning, this class can be very torturing and
painful, but I strongly hope you enjoy this class.
I must say that this is an extremely challenging course for you
and me.
If you have any concerns, feel free to e-mail me to:
takaakikumazawa@hotmail.com.
Spring 2002
Lesson Plan
2/18
Lesson 1 (50mins): 10-30~11:20
1. self-introduction 10mins
2. students’ introduction 10mins
3. syllabus 30mins
Lesson 2 (2 hours): 12:30~14:30
1. taking TOEIC
Lesson 3 (1 hrs 30mins): 14: 50~16:10
1. content/function words 60mins
a. explain handout 1 (HO1).
b. 結論(600点をめざすTOEIC、p.15、141)
2. explain the questionnaire
2/19
Lesson 4
1. attendance
2. overview of TOEIC (pp. 1-10) 30mins.
a. read the introduction(前書き)
b. detailed report of TOEIC Survey (750社対象、企業内TOEIC使用実態調査)
?p.23、19
c. TOEICとは(統計説明=TOEICとLPIとの相関数,p.8)
d. 出題される文脈:TOEIC公式ガイド(p.14)、偏りのないテスト:TOEIC
Technical Manual(II-2)
e. どんな試験?
f. スコアって何?
?総体評価、500?600点の被験者対象にできている、等価
?信頼性:Lis=.92、Read=.93、全体=.96
?SEM=25
?妥当性:
g. レベルは?
h. 目標スコア
i. 実態報告p.25、27
j. 受験手続き
11:15
3. overview of Listening section (p. 12)
4. overview of the section 1 of TOEIC (pp.13-4) 5mins
5. strategy 1: Skip directions
?Do not listen to the direction and skip it. Look at the pictures
instead. 指示がテープから流れているの
を聞いていないで、写真に目を通す。(このテクニックは全セクションに使える)
6. Strategy 2: Identify pictures before listening questions 15mins
a, identify(みきわめる) people (Barron, pp.18-9)
-number, gender, location, appearance, relationship, and
occupation.
c. identify things
-amount, number, place, space, locations
d. identify actions
-work, daily activities
*guess time sequences of actions to help you understand the
action in the picture; in other words, think
of what the people were/are/will be doing.
d. identify general location
*look for context clues to find which situation/where the action
is happening so that you can use your
background knowledge to understand what is happening. (背景をあらわす手がかりをみつけ、およその場所を
断定することによってその状況に関する背景知識を使うことができる)
-demonstration (p. 101)
?写真を詳細に描写できるように練習する。わからない単語があったら調べる。
7. Strategy 3: Procedure (TOEIC Test 990点満点英文法、p.50)
1. Before you hear the question, look at the picture carefully
and identify the picture using the criteria
in Strategy 2 (質問を聞く前、よく写真を観察し、Strategy2の項目にそってその写真を見極める)
2. Concentrate on Listening the question..
質問を集中して聞く
3. If you are 100% sure the answer choice is correct, don’t
listen to the next answer choice and go to
Step 1. If you are 80% sure the answer choice is correct, listen
to the all answer choices following. If
you are not sure, guess or choose the best answer choice.
答えが100%わかった場合次の選択肢を聴か
ないで過程1に戻る。80%確かだったら一応Dまでの選択肢をきいてみる。わからない、不確かな場合はカン
で選ぶか、最も適当なものを選ぶ。
4. Ignore the announcement telling you the question numbers and
go on to Step 1. (問題番号を知らす放
送は無視して、Step1にいく)
8. Strategy 4: Sound changes in conversational English (口語体では音が変化する)
15mins
a. Loan words (借用語)
?read the text p.26
?hand out H.O.2 and read the all listed words
b. HO 3: Connected Speech
?/l/ sounds at the end of words are deleted (text, p. 25)
9. Strategy 5: know the grammatical characteristics
read the text p. 22
1:00?2:30
Lesson 5
10. attendance
11. task 1(20mins)
a. using the strategy 2, in pair A and B, A choose a picture from
pp.101-7 and describe it. B listens for A
and guess what picture that A is describing. Take notes. Then,
switch the role. Each person describes
as least 5 pictures.
b. write the prepositions on the board (B., p.27)
12. task 2 (20mins): Getting your ears used to English Rhythm
英語のリズムに耳を慣らそう
Objective: focus on listening content words
a. read the sentences for 5 sample questions (pp. 15-20)
b. look only the pictures and guess the correct statement to
describe the picture.
c. checking the answer
13. task 3 30mins
a. practice test 1 (pp.100-7)
b. checking the answers
14. Practice test 2 (pp.151-7)
a. play the tape
b. checking the answer.
4:10まで
Lesson 6
1. overview of Lis.Sec.2 (p.27&35) 5mins
2. 過程はSection1と同じなので省略。流れは以下を参照(TOEICテスト990点満点英文法、p.55)
3. Strategy 1: You will hear questions in this section. To be
able to response you have to pay attention
to helping verbs or questions words.
このセクションは質問―応答の構成なので、文頭の助動詞または疑問
詞を聞き逃すな。
4. task 1 (5mins)
a. listen to me and write only helping verbs or questions words (pp.28-34).
b. answers (have, did. is, are, where, how about, what, why, how
long, how much)
5. Strategy 2: Be used to natural responses. Even though the
questions start with be verbs, the
responses do not necessarily start with yes/no. To be able to
response, you have to understand the
meaning of the questions. Yes/noクエスチョンでも必ずしも応答がYes/noではじまるとは限らない。内容を把
握する。
e.g.) Q: Are you busy now? A: I am working on my computer.
?explain the handout (600点をめざすTOEIC Test、pp.46?49) HO3
6. task 2
a. dictation: listen to the rest of the sentences (pp. 28-34).
Then, write the whole sentences. 10mins
b. check the answers in pair and think of at least two responses
without using yes or no. (write the
answer choices on the board) 5mins
c. checking what the pair came up with the responses.
d. Matching exercise.
-write down the followings on the board:
a) it’s around the corner 5
b) Of course not 3
c) This much 10
d) Yes, I am 4
e) I have to see my friend 6
f) I’m sorry I forgot to call you 2
g) It’s windy there 7
h) No. But he has. 1
i) Two days 9
d. checking the answers
7.
勉強法としては質問を聞き、選択肢を聞く前にテープを止め、自分だったらどのように応対するかを声にだし
て言う。そして、最低でも3?4の応対法を考える。正しく応対できるということは質問を理解していることになる
8. Strategy 3: Listen carefully to words that have similar sounds
(minimal pairs) such as feather and
weather especially homonym. The only way to be able to
distinguish which is which, you have to
understand the content. 英語はFeather、Weatherのように、似た音をから構成された単語(ミニマル
ペア)が
多いので注意して聞く。特に、同音異義語は要注意。どちらの音か音別できるには文脈から判断しなくてはい
けない。
a. HO 4 (B., p. 28)
b. read the text p. 37
9. Task 3 (20mins)
a. in pair A students read questions from 21-35 in Lis.Sec.2. B
students try to response to the question
in no time without using yes/no. Try not to use the same
responses. Then, switch the role. (pp.253-9)
b. Practice test 1(pp. 108-9)
c. checking the answers.
10. Practice test 2
a. test taking (pp.158-9)
b. checking the answers
Lesson 7
1. overview of Lis.Sec.3 (p.40)
2. read p.41&48
3. Strategy 1: Procedure (TOEICテスト990点満点英文法、p.60)
Before
1. read the question. Then read answer choices if you have the
time.
2. know what the question is asking (e.g. actions, location,
time, people?)
Listening
3. listen to the conversation focusing on finding the answer to
the question. If you find the answers,
don’t mark it yet. Listen to the whole dialog and try to
imagine the overall content.
Answering
4. Read the questions and answer choices again.
5. choose the best answer but do not mark the answer but just put
a dot. When working on reading
section, mark it clearly.
6. Back to 1
4. Strategy 2: know the common questions (頻繁に用いられる質問は覚えましょう)
-explain .the hand out H.O. 5 (B., pp.54-76)
5. Strategy 3: If you cannot answer the question, make an
intelligible guess. Do not leave the answer
blank. Use eliminating method.(答えかわからない場合は、緻密な予想を立て答える。答えを余白にしない。
消去法がよい)。
a. eliminate the ones that you are sure that the answers are not
correct (答えが誤解だと思われるものか
ら消去)
Then, if there are still some choices, choose the one that makes
the most sense to you.(残った解答か
ら最後の一つを絞る)
e.g.) answer choices e.g.) text (p.42)
1. 15
2. 20
3. 50
4. 70
6. Introduce shadowing
1. read the text (600点をめざすTOEICテスト、p.136)
2. play the CD(pp.110-5). Try to repeat the sentence 2 times;
once shadowing and second time say
aloud with the text open(pp. 259-264).
3. demonstration.
7. practice test pp.110-5
a. taking the test 1
b. checking the answers (pp. 259-264)
8. practice test 2 (pp. 160-5)
a. taking the test 2
b. checking the answers (pp. 291-7)
Lesson 8
1. overview of Lis.Sec.4 (pp.49-50&57)
2. Strategy 1: Procedure (TOEICTest990点満点英文法、p.68)
Before
1. Read questions and answer choices before listening and make
sure to know what you have to look for
and guess what the announcement will be about as well as the
genre (まず聞く前に質問と選択肢を読み、
何について答えなくてはいけないか明白にし、何について(内容、場所、目的など)聞くのか予想し、ジャンルも
予想しておく)
Listening
2. Pay attention when the question numbers are announced and
listen to how many questions are given
and the type of genre. (設問番号提示放送が流れたら聴くことに集中し、何問出題されるかを聞き、ジャンル
も聞く)
例)Questions 82 and 83 refer to the following talk/announcement/tape
recording.
3. Focus on listening to the 1st sentence (topic sentence) and
assure what the announcement will be
about. Also it is frequent that the 1st sentence is the answer
for the 1st question, and the 2nd
questions from the middle of the paragraph, and the 3rd question
from the end of the paragraph(特に文
章の最初の文はトピックを理解する上で重要である。また、答えになる確立が高い.また2問目はアナウンス
の真中から、3問目は結びから出題される可能性か高い)
4. Then, knowing the questions, look for the answers. Remember
you do not have to understand
everything. But listen the whole announcement.
(質問の答えに集中してきく。文章の内容を全部わかる必
要はない。最後まで文章を聞く)
Answering
5. After the listening, you will hear, “Now read the question #
and answer it.” But don’t wait to listen it
(リスニングの後“質問を読んで答えよ”というアナウンスメントが流れるが、これを待たずにとりかかれ)
6. Read the question and read the 4 choices.
7. Choose the best answer
8. Back to 1.
3. Strategy 2: Know the genre (600点をめざすTOEICテスト、p.82?110)
4. Task 1:
a. read the dialog (pp. 51-5)
b. Ss guess the genre.
c. Check the answers
5. Practice test 1(pp.116-9)
a. Read the passages and Ss guess the genre.
b. Ss read the passages and fill in the blanks. H.O. 6
c. listen and check the answers.
d. checking the answers (pp. 265-9)
e. taking the test
f. answers
6. Practice test 2 (pp.166-9)
a. Take the practice test 2
b. Answers (pp.297-300)
Lesson 9
1. overview of Re.Sec.1&2 (pp. 60-1, 69)
このセクションは英語運用力をテストしているのではなく、どちらかというと英語文法知識をテストしているので
比較的に短時間で得点を上げることをできる。
2. Strategy 1: Time Management
In Re.Sec.1&2 spend only 30 seconds on each question.
Otherwise you won’t finish Sec.3. If you have
a difficulty, make an *intelligible guess to answer the question.
(このセクションでは1問につき30秒しか費
やすな。でないとセクション3は終わらない。問題が分からない場合、緻密な予想を立て答える)
*intelligible guess is to use an eliminating technique (緻密な予想とは消去方が一番正確である)。
*Especially in vocabulary questions, start thinking about the
words that you know of first (特に語彙問題
では知っている単語からとりかかる)
3. Strategy 2: Vocabulary or Grammar
know a question is testing vocabulary or grammar. But there are
not many questions on vocabulary
items. The test is written based on high frequency, academic
word, and some technical words lists.(質問
が語彙又は文法をテストしているかを知る。ただし語彙問題は多数出題されない。簡単な語彙からテストは構成
されている)
a. example (公式ガイド, p. 85)
b. hand out H.O. 7: word lists.
c. Hand out the frequency list (TOEIC friend)
d.
意味だけわかればいいのでカードを使って覚えるのがお勧め。
4. Strategy 3: know prefix, stem, and suffix (morphology
形態論). Know the common prefix to guess the
meanings, and know the common word endings (suffix) to determine
the accurate part of speech (およそ
の意味を予想する為に、頻度の高い接頭詞は覚える。また、頻度の高い接尾詞を覚え、的確な品詞を選べる
ようにする)
a. Explain prefix , stem, and suffix (TOEIC 公式ガイド, pp.86-7)
b. 特にAWLとTWLに応用できる。
c. H.O. 8 on prefix. & suffix (B.,pp.105-110)
d. Mention the negative prefix (B., p.108)
e. 例題問題
He ________ him and asked him a wrong question.
a. re---(returned) b. mis---(misunderstood) c. co--- (collected)
d. sym---(sympathized)
f. Mention the common word endings
g. He is a _______ man
a. ---lize b.---ly c.---ance d.---ful
h. Practice questions: H.O. 10 (B., pp.117)
5. Common types of errors (600点をめざすTOEICテスト、p.212-226)
6. Strategy 5: know grammatical rules
a. explain each grammatical element and have them to do the
exercise.
b. 前置詞(pp.87-8&94-5)朗読。 前置詞補充(p. 70)。練習(TOEIC
テスト、p.74-6)。???
Lesson10
1. practice test 1 (pp. 120-8)
a. taking the test
b. checking the answers
2. practice test 2
a. taking the test
b. checking the answers
Lesson11
1. overview of Re.Sec.3 (pp. 76-7 )
2. strategy 1: Reading Speeds
know when to use reading speeds and purposes: skipping ,
scanning, skimming , reading (リーディングスピー
ド:スキッピィング、スキャニング、スキミング、リーディングの用法と目的を知る。そして、質問の問題の目的を
察知し目的に合った速度を使う)
a. Reading
?understanding detailed meanings of the sentences accurately.
Therefore, reading speed slows down,
and if you meet an unknown word, you should try to guess the
meaning. 文の具体的な意味を正確に理解
すること。よって、読む速度は多少遅め。よって、わからない単語などは文脈から理解することも必要である。
?リーディングのスピードを上げる読み方:フレーズ読み(600点を目指すTOEICテスト、pp.116-7)
Strategy 2: Guessing a meaning from context
1. identify the part of speech 品種を断定
2. use your knowledge on prefix and suffix 接頭詞、接尾詞、語根などの知識を使い意味を予測
3. use your grammatical knowledge
4. use the context to understand the meaning 文脈、本文の内容から意味を予測する
例)文章内容:Teenage Murder (十代殺人者)
Michael Johnson has been in a jail for 15 years. He killed two
victims and committed a crime when he
was a teenage.
b. Explain the concept of skimming and provide practices with H.O.
11 (R.P., pp. 150-3)
?練習
c. Explain the concept of scanning and provide some practices
with H.O. 12 (TOEIC公式ガイド、p.106)
?機能:キーワード探しに最も便利な読み方(600点をめざすTOEICテスト、p.132)
?また、文章のおよその構成を知る上で重要なフレーズを読みとる
how to start your argument: to begin with, first of all, first,
let us consider, in introduction, I shall begin
by, etc…
how to continue it: moreover, furthermore, at the same time,
second of all, next, then, and, in
connection to, etc…
how to contract it: however, but, on the contrary, on the other
hand, nevertheless, yet, though, etc…
how to exemplify: for example, for instance, to give an example,
in order to illustrate,
how to reason: for this reason , because, as a result, as a
consequence, consequently,
how to conclude: in conclusion, that is to say, i.e., at last,
lastly, to this end, therefore, I’d like to
conclude it by saying
?練習(R.P. pp. 26-7&30-31)
d. Explain the concept of skipping
重要でない情報(質問に問われていない情報)を飛ばして読む
?function words機能語
?unimportant details in each paragraph except the main idea段落ごとの主旨を抜かした、重要でない詳細
?words you don’t know
意味のわからない単語にとらわれない
3. Strategy 3: procedure
1. read the questions and question choices.
設問と選択肢を読む
2. scan the passage to determine the genre and main ideas and
structure. 文をスキャンして主旨、ジャン
ル、構成を断定する
3. skim the reading focusing on finding the sentences that are
clues to answer the questions. 設問の解
答のヒントになる箇所を本文から見つけるのを集中して文をスキミィングする
4. read the question and answer choices if needed. 必要あれば設問と選択肢を再度読む
5. Scan the sentences that tell you the answer. 回答のヒントになる箇所をスキャニングする
6. Read the sentences. その箇所をよく読む
7. Choose the best answer and mark it. 最も適している選択肢を選ぶ。回答用紙に記入
4. Strategy 4: Genre
know the genre and adapt appropriate reading speeds (それぞれのジャンル、様式を知り、的確なリーディング
スピードを選択する)
a. practice questions (600点をめざすTOEICテスト、pp.228-256)
Lesson12
1. LPI (language proficiency interview)]
a. scale: H.O. 14
b. demonstration
2. How to study
a. read the text: 実践勉強法
Speaking
-talking to wall (p. 50)
-think in English (p. 54)
-describing anything (p. 59)
-English speaking friend (p. 62)
-translating (p. 74&7)
Listening
-dictation (p.133)
-shadowing (p. 139)
-repeating sentence (p. 142)
-translating (p. 144)
-watching series drama (p. 153)
Reading
-no translating (p. 196)
-reading news in English
Lesson 13
TOECI Test taking
日本女子大学
秋期集中講座 (10/3, 10, 24: 2:40~4:30)
担当:Takaaki Kumazawa
E-mail:takaakikumazawa@hotmail.com.
講座概要:
この講座は日本で学習されている留学生対象ということで異文化コミュニケーションについて触れていきたい。ここでは特に異文化経験を論議
していきたい。また異文化経験を深めるということは、母国の文化と日本の文化について理解を深ることや、自分と日本人の相違点を探求して
いき個々のアイデンティティーを確立することである。言い換えれば自分探しの旅ともいえる。よって、講座内容としては、異文化体験などシェ
アしたり、皆さんの日本での体験、日本人や文化についての解釈、疑問点を論議したり、歴史的背景など、さまざまな観点を踏まえて日本事
情を解説していきたい。そして、異文化体験から得るものはなにかを考えていく。また、自分の異文化体験を説明する上で、第二言語習得の
論理などを用いて説明していきたい。最終課題として、皆さんに日本の疑問点を一つ題として決めて頂き、母国と比較しながら、その題材のこ
とについて調べてもらい、10?15分程度で口語発表して頂きます。講義内言語は英語、日本語を両方臨機応変に使っていきたい。
講座目的:
1. 異文化経験とはなにかということを考えることにより、自己のアイデンティティーを見つめ、母国や日本の理解を深めることができる。
2.
日本人の心、歴史、文化などの知識を深めることができる。
必要事項:
1. 積極的な参加、意見の交換など。
2. 15分程度の口語発表
評価法:
出席、参加度、口頭発表などから評価する。
授業内容:
10/3
2:40~3:10 自己紹介、シラバス説明
3:10~3:40 異文化を体験するとは:SchumannのAcculturation Modelを用いて自分の異文化体験。
3:50~4:30
文化、アイデンティティーとは、日本人と感じる時
準備:日本での異文化経験談、疑問点をできるだけ多く考えてくる
10/10
2:40~4:30
皆さんの日本での異文化経験談、皆さんの疑問など、体験をシェアしていく。また皆さんの疑問点などに解説を入れ資料などを用い
て解明していく。
準備:口頭発表
10/24
2:40~3:20 異文化体験から得るもの
3:30-4:30 口語発表
参考文献:
クレーマー,E.M.著 池田理知子訳「異文化コミュニケーション入門」有斐閣アルマ.
鍋倉健悦「異文化コミュニケーション入門」丸善ライブラリー.
Benedict, R. (1946). The Chrysanthemum and the Sword?Patterns of
Japanese Culture. Boston.
英文日本大辞典編「英語で読む日本史」Bilingual Books.
英文日本大辞典編「英語で話す日本の心」Bilingual Books.
Sasaki, M.「日本事情」北星堂
木村尚三郎「日本のすべて」三省堂
Bonvillain, N. (1993). Language, Culture and Communication.
Prentice Hall.
Kramsch, C. (1998). Language and Culture. Oxford: OUP.
Ellis, R. (1994). The Study of Second language Acquisition.
Oxford: OUP.
日本女子講座教案
1.
自己紹介(生まれ(日本語)、学歴(英語)、教歴(英語)、研究分野(英語))5分
2. 学生さん自己紹介(生まれ、学歴、趣味)5分
3. シラバス説明 10分
4.
およその講義内容の説明:アイデンティティーとは、文化とは、日本とは、自分が日本人と感じる時。次に異文化体験について、経験者とし
て、J. Schumannのモデルの項目に沿って経験談をシェアする。
5. Different Realities(p.1?5)を読んでもらう。5分
6. アイデンティティー、自己とは
?Different Realities(p. 7:Make a list、Choose 3)5分
?解説:異文化C.(p. 4)5分
?Identityは他者と自分を比較することにより確立される。常に変化する。他者に自己のIdentityが受け入れられないとIdentity Crisis(危機)に
陥る(p.18)
?自己は常に変化しない。成長時に確立されている。価値観(常に状況を自分の物差しで評価している)、信念(自己の思い込み、など社会
的、集団的なものまで)、態度(自己が客観世界にどう対応するか)、欲求(マズローの要求の5階層)に左右される。
?俺のIdenntityは8歳アメリカ人(talkative, aggressive,
logic)、20歳日本人(口数も少ない)と考えている
?みんなのリストの確認
7. 文化、日本文化とは
?D.R.の定義を引用、異文化C.(p.15)
?日本文化ではなにを日本人は共用しているか、リストを挙げてもらう 5分
?代表的なのは:日本語、習慣、歴史、食、社会生活、日本人の特徴、文学、など。日本のすべて(p。10)
?余談になるが、言語というのは文化をもっとも顕現している。サピア・ウーフによると言語は色眼鏡のようなもので、言語を用いて考え、世界を
みている。よって自己表現力、世界観は言語の習得度合いにより変化する。言語習得度が高ければより多彩な自己表現ができ、また民族性
を理解することに敏感になれる。例)日本には四季を現す表現が多いが、そのことを知るとにより日本人の季節に対する敏感な民族性がみえ
てくる。挨拶の用法も同じ。異文化こ(p。83)
8. 自分が日本人と感じる時は
?富士山を見たとき
?よく天気の話をするとき。
?日本食を食べるとき。とくにラーメン。
?花見にいき酒を飲むとき。
?布団で寝たいと思ったとき。
?梅干をアメリカに持っていった
?四季の食べ物を口にするとき
?お茶好
9. 皆さんはいつ?人と感じるか
?皆さんの文化を知るためを目的 20分
10. 異文化体験、体験談
?様々な要因が異文化体験に影響し、言語習得にも及ぼす。ここではJ. SchumannのAcculturation Modelを使い自分の体験談を紹介
?Acculturationとは:”the process of becoming adapted to a
new culture.”個々が直面している文化に適応する過程。そのプロセスが異文
化体験といえる。
?また、どれだけ文化適応できるかで言語習得にも影響を及ぼす。
社会的距離
?social dominance(社会的優位性):戦後、アメリカのが日本より優位な立場にある。マイノリティーとしての困難。例)毛染め、アメリカへ海外
旅行、留学、差別、など。
?Integration Pattern(融和性):
日本人は他の文化を吸収するが、自己文化は失わない。
?Enclosure(土地柄):アメリカの高校は寮制でなにもかも新しい経験
?Cohesiveness(団結力):日本人は協和性が高い。しかし、留学時は日本人一人。
?Size(サイズ):集団のサイズにより力関係も決まる。
?Cultural Congruence(文化的融和性):西洋、東洋の文化では相違点が多い。言語など。
?Attitude(態度):肯定的態度
?Intended of length of residence(滞在期間):八年間の滞在
心理的距離
?Language Shock:今でも外国人の前でプレゼンは苦手。過去経験
?Culture shock:異文化こ(p。149)
?Motivation:学習、接触
?Ego permeability:融通度
11. 必ずメールで疑問点を送ってください。
Lesson 2
10月10日
日本女子大学教案
1. 復習:文化、アイデンティティー、セルフ
2. 今週の授業案:皆の自国文化、アイデンティティー、異文化体験とは、日本での異文化体験、日本の疑問点を解明していく。
3.
皆さんはいつアメリカ人、韓国人と感じるか
?皆さんの文化を知るためを目的。また口頭発表でも自国文化と日本を比べるので練習として。20分
4. 異文化体験、体験談
?様々な要因が異文化体験に影響し、第二言語習得にも及ぼす。ここではJ. SchumannのAcculturation Modelを使い自分の体験談を紹介
?Acculturationとは:”the process of becoming adapted to a
new culture.”個々が直面している文化に適応する過程。そのプロセスが異文
化体験といえる。
?また、どれだけ文化適応できるかで第二言語習得にも影響を及ぼす。
社会的距離
?social dominance(社会的優位性):戦後、アメリカのが日本より優位な立場にある。マイノリティーとしての困難。例)毛染め、アメリカへ海外
旅行、留学、差別、など。
?Integration Pattern(融和性): 日本人は他の文化を吸収するが、自己文化は失わない。また保守的であまり外国人とは接触しないので
は。
?Enclosure(土地柄):日本の施設は同等の途上国ということで類比している。アメリカの高校は寮制でなにもかも新しい施設
?Cohesiveness(団結力):日本人は協和性が高い。しかし、留学時は日本人一人。民族的団結力があるほど文化変容しにくい。
?Size(サイズ):集団のサイズにより力関係も決まる。サイズが大きいほど力が強くそのグループ内に既存する可能性が高い。
?Cultural Congruence(文化的融和性):西洋、東洋の文化では相違点が多い。言語など。
?Attitude(態度):日本人はアメリカ人には肯定的態度を示す。これはやはり力関係のせいか?
?Intended of length of residence(滞在期間):
心理的距離(異文化経験でどの様な体験があるかで非常に左右される。ストレスに関係あるのでは)
?Language Shock:今でも外国人の前でプレゼンは苦手。過去経験。
?Culture shock:異文化こ(p。149)
?Motivation:学習、接触
?Ego permeability:融通度
5.
では皆さんの日本での異文化体験をシェアする。疑問点なども一緒に挙げてください。
6.
日本人、日本文化の疑問点を解明する上で重要な背景知識。
?島国(誤解される日本人、p。218;日本Q&A、p。148)
?他国が気になる
?鎖国(日本のすべて、p。75)
?保守的(誤解される日本人、p。104)
?明治以降、資本主義の発達(日本のすべて、p。75)
?農耕民族(日本のすべて、p。77)
?小さい土地を耕す共同性(誤解される日本人、p。50)
?自然と密着生活(日本の心、p。16)
?単一民族(大部分は日本人)
?共通点が多いのでハイコンテキストコミュニケーション型(21世紀異文化コミ、p。65)
?儒教(日本Q&A、p。148)
?忠: loyalty(being faithful to the upper status till death)
?恩: in debt(living since all exist. Especially in debt to the
lord)
?孝: faithful (faithful to the family)
?国を統一するのに利用
?縦社会
?江戸時代からの封建制度:3つの階級(武士、農民、商人)からなり世代変わらない。
7. 皆さんの質問をみていく。
Questions on Japanese and Japanese culture.
何で日本人は…?
1. Why is it that Japanese are said to have two faces?
本音と建前(日本の心、p。90)
2. Being outcasts, rebellious, or unique is not valued and is
accepted. For those who don’t belong to social group are
treated as a
social outcast. Why is that? 集団意識(日本Q&A、p。146)
3. Japanese are not likely to express their emotion or sense of
happiness or even anger. However, because of these
characteristics,
Japanese often experience disadvantages in international market.
How do Japanese businessmen deal with this aspect?
根回し(日本の
心、p。128)
4. Love of nature. For other countries, national symbols are
often animals (tiger for Korea) or a human figure (cowboys for
American).
However, Japanese uses a symbol for nature. Why is that?
(日本の心、p。16)
5. Japanese are said to be modest or value a person who humble.
Humbling or Enryo is considered a virtue. In the western culture
it is
opposite. 誤解される日本人、p。98
6. The idea of “good service” exceeds the business
perspective in Japan. For instance, Japanese department stores
would hire extra
workers to provide better serive to customers, but Americans
would not hire extra workers if that means less numeral profits
to their
business. Japanese companies are known to have low efficiency per
worker. So should they learn more efficient way of business from
the West? On the other hand, there are people who like to go to
Japanese stores to get better services. よいビジネスとは。誤解される
日本人、p。168
7. It seems ironic that while Japanese themselves feel reluctant
to be different from others, they love what is foreign to them.
This
certainly is not true for everyone, but while there are
relatively small number of Japanese immigrants who live outside
of Japan, there
are many volunteer families who would love to have foreigners at
their place and have chance to associate with foreigners.
8. 男尊女子
9. What is the idea of success or object of future dream or
teenagers in Japan? In American colleges, for example, students
would drea
of working for famous investment banking company or law firm
after they graduate. Many students desire to work at or start
venture
companies. However, I hear that the idea of salesmen or business
worker in Japan is negative and the students don’t look forward
to
becoming one. What would be the envious position a students can
become after they graduate from college in Japan? Individualism
vs.
harmony. 誤解される日本人、p。198
10. 教科書問題
11. 部活動
12.
どうして新宿とか池袋では変態的なアダルトショップや、ポルノ写真が公共の場でもあるのか?実の売春ではなく、視覚的な変態雑誌販
売店が横行している。またなぜ電車の中で男性がヌードをみていても大丈夫なのか?
13.
どうして電車の中でご老人に席を譲らないのか?
14. 凶悪犯罪の横行。
15.
日本人はなぜケチャップなしでフライドポテトが食べられるのか?
16.
日本人女性は西洋人を好んで交際をする。なぜか?
17.
なぜ電車から下車する人がいるのにドアの前に立っていて降りる人のためにどこうとはしないのか?マナーの悪さ。
18. 日本男性はやせている人が非常に多い。
8.再来週の課題としては、口語発表をしてもらう。日本人、文化の疑問点を挙げ、自国文化と比較し、またリサーチをし、その疑問点を解明す
る。
Lesson 3(2001/10/24)
日本女子大学:異文化コミュニケーション
1. Overview of this lesson: presentations and lecture on what we
can get from cross-cultural experience.
2. Presentation (10~15 minutes per person and questions/comments
for 5 minutes)
3. What can we learn from cross-cultural experience and what does
it mean to be an international person?
4. Review: self (sense of value, belief, attitude, and needs/ego),
identity, cross-cultural experience=acculturation
5. What I have experienced through cross-cultural experience?
6. Conflicts: what might be the causes of conflicts?(配布物、p.222?6)
1. assumption of similarity: we are not the same and one way
might not apply to the other=denial to the cultural emperialism:
2. preconceptions, stereotype, and prejudice:
3. high axiety: we all feel stress when we face differencialities
due to the fact that we have self-defense mechanism=fight or
flight.
4. tendency to evaluate: Because there are differences, they do
not necesary mean that they are good or bad. They are just the
different approaches.
5. language differeces: even among native speakers, what one
might have meant to convery might be different from the others'
interpratation.
7. 5 stages of psychological distance from ethnocentrism to
ethnorelativism(文化相対主義)(配布物、p.219)
1. contempt(軽蔑の距離) ethnocentrism
2. avoidance(回避の距離)
3. no concern distance(無関心の距離)
4. sensible distance(感受性の距離)
5. equal distance(対等の距離) ethnorelativism
8. People with cross-cultural experience can be categorized into
4 types (異文化間コミ、p.158-161)
1. ethnocentric type(自己文化中心タイプ)
2. non-exposure type(逃避タイプ)
3. catering type(迎合タイプ)
4. adaptive type(適応タイプ)
9. Then what can we do if we wish to be an international
residence?
1. tolerance of difference but sense of equality (異文化コミュニケーション入門、p.166)
2. Ethnorelativism(配布物、p.220)
3. set yourself free from making judgments, good or bad by your
own sense of measurement
4. sympathy vs. emphathy
Fall 2001
Subject: English Communication Basic II(英語コミュニケーション基礎II)
Instructor: Takaaki Kumazawa
E-mail: takaakikumazawa@hotmail.com. *出講日(月、火)以外は校内にいないのでメールで連絡。
Office hours: 非常勤控え室、または月曜日4時半以降はチットチャットになるべく居るように努めます。
Course description:
主にこの講座では基礎的なコミュニケーションが成立できるようになるようリスニングやスピーキングの上達を
目標に運営していきます。授業内言語は主に英語で行なっていきます。授業内講義内容としては、基礎的な
形式的表現を聴き、覚え、的確な場面で使えるように練習していきます。また学生主体の講義を目指していく
ので 学生の活発な参加なしではこの講座の成功はありません。よって、頻繁に学生の回答、意見を求めま
す。また、授業内という時間は限られているので、リスニング、スピーキング能力を伸ばすには十分でないの
で、学内にある施設、チットチャットクラブ(CCC)、又はワールドランゲージセンター(WLC)に頻繁に行くことが
肝要です。言い換えれば、この授業での単位習得はCCC又はWLCでの参加時間数によって大きく左右され
ます。また授業内クイズも頻繁に実施していきますので日頃の勉強も必要です。最後に、言語習得は自己の
努力なしでは決して上達はありません。それを念頭に後期この講座に励んでください。
Required Text(テキスト):
Rost, M. (1998). Strategies in Speaking. Addison Wesley Longman.
\1980.
Course objectives(講義目的):
1.
基本的な形式的表現を聴き理解することができるようになる
2.
話者の質問に的確な応答ができるようになる
3. CCCやWLCでナチュラルな英語に触れることにより基礎的な会話(自己紹介や身の回りの出来事の説
明)ができるようになる。
Requirement(単位取得必要事項):
1. テスト期間中に期末試験を受けること
2. 授業内クイズを受けること
3. CCCやWLCに後期中30時間を目標に積極的に通うこと
Evaluation:
1. 40 % 期末試験
2. 30 % 授業内クイズ(注1)
3. 30点+ CCCまたはWLCの時間数(45分1点とする)
100-80=A, 79-70=B, 69-60=C, 59- =D
*注意:出席点はないが、毎回クイズを実施するので、クイズ提出が出席点になる。なお、クイズは授業開始直
後に行なう。
Tentative outline:
Lesson 1: シラバス説明、自己紹介
Lesson 2: test, lecture.
Lesson 3: quiz, what’s new(注2), Unit 1
Lesson 4: quiz, what’s new, Unit 4
Lesson 5: quiz, what’s new, Unit 5
Lesson 6: quiz, what’s new, Unit 6
Lesson 7: quiz, what’s new, Unit 7
Lesson 8: quiz, what’s new, Unit 10
Lesson 9: quiz, what’s new, Unit 11
Lesson 10: quiz, what’s new, Unit 12
Lesson 11: quiz, what’s new, Unit 15
Lesson 12: quiz, what’s new, Unit 18
Lesson 13: quiz, what’s new, review
Final exam
注1:クイズをinformal assessmentの一環として行なう(see the further explanation for informal assessment)
注2:What's NewとはP. Nation先生が提唱する3−2−1と同様で、流暢さを目標に行なう練習である(see the further explanation for 3-2-1: P. Nation. (1994). Teaching Listening and Speaking. Tokyo:TUJ Publication.)
Lesson 4(10/16)
1. Quiz
1. What do you do?
2. What do you do in your free time?
3. What do you think of pop music?
4. What are you interested in?
5. Why do you want to study in this university?
6. How is your schoolwork going?
7. How do you like going to see a movie?
8. How do you know Kumazawa?
9. I like studying. How about you?
10. Where do you come from?
2. What’s new: what do you do in your free time?
3. UNIT 3: Impressions
-Compliments is to make comments on something.
-language functions
-6 vocab. building
-1 conversation: fill in and listen to tape/ Judy is
complimenting on rich’s hairstyle and says interesting
-2 listening and scripts
-3 pronunciation
-4 practice
-5 exchange: culture tip/writing the conversation routine
a: compliments
b: response and comments on the item and compliments
a: response and comments on the item and compliments
Lesson 5(10/23/2001)
Communication Basic
1. Quiz
1. Is that you, Kuma san?
2. What a nice shirt
3. It is really your color.
4. What are you talking about?
5. Thank you for noticing. I am glad that you like my shoes.
6. Long time, no see.
2. What’s New?:What do you do on weekends?
3. Unit 4: Weekends
?chitchatting with friends about weekends
?Grammar Targets
?6:vocabulary building
?1:conversation
?2:listening
?3:Pronunciation
?4:Practice:imagine you are close friends and enjoy
chitchatting
?5:Exchange:
Lesson 8(11・13)
1. Quiz
1. I wonder if you like to see a movie with me?
2. Do you want to see a play?
3. What’s a popular Italian restaurant?
4. When should we leave to the party?
5. Do you want to do something?
6. What does your cell phone look like?
7. What is the record made out of?
8. How big is your shoe size?
9. Do you have something collectible?
10. Can you describe your hometown?
2. What’s new?: can you describe your house, hometown, and prefecture?
3. Unit 7
?6 vocabulary building: work in groups. Think of 3 associations
for people living in the countries in the
list. Then, present it in front of class.
?Stereotype(固定観念): when we meet a person from a
different country, we get nervous and anxious.
Then, we try to control our anxiety. If you don’t know
something, you try to guess. That is how to
reduce anxiety. But, often the time your guess is wrong and
causes misunderstanding. For example, you
meet an American for the first time. You try to guess his/her
personality. That often causes troubles
in communication. You have to be flexible.
?Grammar points: we like to categorize things.
?1
?2
?3
?4
?5
Lesson 9(11・20)
1. Quiz
1. What is the biggest difference between your hometown and here?
2. What do you miss about your hometown?
3. What part of the country do you come from?
4. When do you feel homesick?
5. It costs a lot to go back and forth, doesn’t it?
6. Where were you born?
2. What’s new: do you like to go shopping?
3. Unit 9
?currency system: 1 cent, 5 cents(nickels), 10 cents(dimes), 25
cents(quarters), 1 dollar, 5 dollars, 10
dollars, 20 dollars, 50 dollars, 100 dollars
?6 vocabulary building:
?1
?2
?3
?4
?5
Lesson 10(11・27)
1. Quiz
1. What did they get in the convenient store?
2. Which clothing store do you usually shop at?
3. How much is a plane ticket to New York?
4. Where is the best place to buy a CD?
5. How are you going to afford to buy a computer?
6. I don’t think buying a house is a good idea? What do you
think?
7. What have you bought at a clothing store recently?
2. What’s new: Can you introduce your favorite stores?
3. Unit 11:Around Town
?1
?2
?3
?4
?5
Lesson 11(12・4)
1. Quiz
1. Excuse me. I am trying to find Star Buck Coffee?
2. Do you happen to know where the best music store is in
Hachioji?
3. To get to Kumazawa Book store, get off at north exit of
Hachioji station and walk for 1 minute. You
can’t miss it.
4. What is your favorite entertainment spot in your city?
5. How do you get to Tokyo station from Hachioji by train?
6. Why did you decide to go to Macdonald’s?
7. How are you going to afford to go to Hawaii?
8. What do you miss about your hometown?
9. Do you want to do something?
10. Wow, you went to a concert? What was it like?
2. What’s new?: Let’s talk about your weekly schedule.
3. Unit 12: Daily Schedule: My weekly university life.