ユダヤ人が待ち望んだメシア像について

（１）ローマから解放と救いをもたらすメシア

Psalms of Solomon 17

23 Behold, O Lord, and raise up unto them their king, the son of David, At the time in the which
Thou seest, O God, that he may reign over Israel Thy servant.
24 And gird him with strength, that he may shatter unrighteous rulers,
25 And that he may purge Jerusalem from nations that trample (her) down to destruction.
Wisely, righteously 26 he shall thrust out sinners from (the) inheritance,
He shall destroy the pride of the sinner as a potter's vessel.
With a rod of iron he shall break in pieces all their substance,
21 He shall destroy the godless nations with the word of his mouth;

西暦前６３年エルサレムはポンペイウスに征服されローマの支配下に入りますが
ソロモンの詩編はその時期に書かれたものと考えられています。

２Esdoras(4Ezra) １１〜１２

11:1 Then saw I a dream, and, behold, there came up from the sea an eagle,
which had twelve feathered wings, and three heads.
11:45 And therefore appear no more, thou eagle, nor thy horrible wings,
nor thy wicked feathers nor thy malicious heads, nor thy hurtful claws, nor all thy vain body:
12:31 And the lion･･･ rebuking her for her unrighteousness with all the words which thou hast heard;
12:32 This is the anointed, which the Highest hath kept for them and for their wickedness unto the end:
he shall reprove them, and shall upbraid them with their cruelty.

西暦９０年頃書かれたとされる第二エスドラス書の幻では１２の翼と３つの頭を持った鷲が
登場し、大きな権力を全世界にふるいます。しかしライオンが登場しその邪悪な支配を
糾弾し、滅ぼします。この１２の頭はローマ帝国の最初の１２人の皇帝を、３つの頭は
ウェスパシアヌス、ティトゥス、ドミティアヌスを表わすと理解されています。
ライオンの実体はこの書自体がメシアであることを明らかにしていますが、
ドミティアヌスの時代にメシアが登場することを願ったものであることがわかります。

２Baruch ３６〜４０

395 And after these things a fourth kingdom will arise, whose power will be harsh and evil
far beyond those which were before it, and it will rule many times as the forests on the plain, and it
6 will hold fast for times, and will exalt itself more than the cedars of Lebanon.
And by it the truth will be hidden, and all those who are polluted with iniquity will flee to it,
as evil beasts flee and 7 creep into the forest. And it will come to pass when the time of
its consummation that it should fall has approached, then the principate of My Messiah will be revealed,
which is like the fountain 8 and the vine, and when it is revealed it will root out the multitude of its host.
40 1 The last leader of that time will be left alive, when the multitude of his hosts will be put to the sword,
and he will be bound, and they will take him up to Mount Zion, and My Messiah will convict 2 him of
all his impieties, and will gather and set before him all the works of his hosts.
And afterwards he will put him to death, and protect the rest of My people which shall be found
in the place which 3 I have chosen. And his principate will stand for ever,
until the world of corruption is at an end.

第二バルク書は第四エズラをモデルにして西暦２世紀に始め頃記されたと考えられるものです。
この幻では第四の王国であるローマの時代にぶどうの木で表わされるメシアが
ローマの腐敗を罰しに現われることが期待されています。

（２）栄光のうちに即位するメシア

人々はダニエル７章１３，１４節にあるような栄光のうちに到来する「人の子」のような者を
彼らは待ち望んでいました。エノク書の書かれた時期については様々な推定がありますが
エノク書３７−７１章では人の子のようなメシアについての期待がはっきり述べられています。

1Enoch62

2 And the Lord of Spirits seated him on the throne of His glory,
And the spirit of righteousness was poured out upon him,
And the word of his mouth slays all the sinners,
And all the unrighteous are destroyed from before his face.
3 And there shall stand up in that day all the kings and the mighty,
And the exalted and those who hold the earth,
And they shall see and recognize How he sits on the throne of his glory,
And righteousness is judged before him,
And no lying word is spoken before him.
4 Then shall pain come upon them as on a woman in travail,
[And she has pain in bringing forth]
When her child enters the mouth of the womb,
And she has pain in bringing forth. And one portion of them shall look on the other,
And they shall be terrified, And they shall be downcast of countenance,
And pain shall seize them, When they see that Son of Man Sitting on the throne of his glory.

1Enoch69

27 And he sat on the throne of his glory,
And the sum of judgement was given unto the Son of Man,
And he caused the sinners to pass away and be destroyed from off the face of the earth,
And those who have led the world astray.

（３）メシアは「神の子」？

４Q246(Son of God Text)

But your son shall be great upon the earth, and all peoples shall make peace with him,
and they shall all serve him. For he shall be called "son of the great God", and by his name
he shall be named. He shall be hailed son of God and they shall call him son of the most high.

この死海文書はルカ１：３２〜３５と極めて類似した表現が用いられているため
論議を呼んでいるものです。一般にユダヤ人はメシアをダビデの子孫である人間
であると考えていたと思われますから、この「神の子」という理解について
不思議に思うかもしれません。しかし詩編２編やサムエル第二７章の「私の子」という
表現からそのことは示唆されていたのでそのように期待したかもしれません。また
アウグストゥスのように「神の子」と考えられて期待された支配者もいたので
必ずしもメシアに適用されるとは限らないことも指摘されています。

（４）メシアの死？

４Q341

I shall be reckoned with the angels, my dwelling is in the holy council.
・・・ who has been despised like me? And who has been rejected of men like me?
And who compares to me in enduring evil? No teaching compares to my teaching.
・・・ Who is like me among the angels?

一般にユダヤ人の理解からはメシアの死は隠されていたものの、この死海文書は
イザヤ５３章を引用している大変珍しいものです。

（５）２人のメシア

ゼカリヤ６章などでメシアは王かつ祭司であることは示唆されていますが、
王であるユダ族からのメシアと祭司であるレビ族のメシアが登場するという考えは
Rule of the communityやDamascus Documentの中に見られます。
バプテストのヨハネがなぜ２人目のメシアについて質問したのかについて
推測するうえでも重要なものとなっています。

（References)
Dictionary ｏｆ the New Testament Background, IVP