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[I]
In vivo infection of lymphatic tissues by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) leads to enhanced apoptosis, which prominently involves uninfected bystander cells1. Increased killing of such bystander cells is mediated in part through Nef induction of Fas ligand (FasL) expression on the surface of the virally infected T cells. The subsequent interaction of FasL with Fas (CD95) displayed on neighbouring cells, including HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, may lead to bystander cell killing and thus forms an important mechanism of immune evasion.₁₎ As HIV-1 also enhances Fas expression on virally infected cells, it is unclear how these hosts avoid rapid cell-autonomous apoptosis mediated through cis ligation of Fas by FasL. Here we show that HIV-1 Nef associates with and inhibits apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a serine/threonine kinase that forms a common and key signalling intermediate in the Fas and tumour-necrosis factor- (TNF) death-signalling pathways. The interaction of Nef with ASK1 inhibits both Fas- and TNF-mediated apoptosis, as well as the activation of the downstream c-Jun amino-terminal kinase. Our findings reveal a strategy by which HIV-1 Nef promotes the killing of bystander cells through the induction of FasL, while simultaneously protecting the HIV-1-infected host cell₂₎ from these same pro-apoptotic signals through its interference with ASK1 function. Nature 410, 834-838 (2001)¤è¤ê°úÍÑ

[Ãí] human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1): ¥¨¥¤¥º¤ò°ú¤µ¯¤³¤¹¥¦¥¤¥ë¥¹¤ÎÌ¾Á°
apotosis: ºÙË¦»à

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[II]
Myocardial infarction leads to loss of tissue and impairment of cardiac performance. The remaining myocytes are unable to reconstitute the necrotic tissue, and the post-infarcted heart deteriorates with time. Injury to a target organ is sensed by distant stem cells, which migrate to the site of damage and undergo alternate stem cell differentiation; these events promote structural and functional repair. This high degree of stem cell plasticity prompted us to test whether dead myocardium could be restored by transplanting bone marrow cells in infarcted mice. ₁₎ We sorted lineage-negative (Lin-) bone marrow cells from transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein by fluorescence-activated cell sorting on the basis of c-kit expression. Shortly after coronary ligation, Lin- c-kit positive cells were injected in the contracting wall bordering the infarct. Here we report that newly formed myocardium occupied 68% of the infarcted portion of the ventricle 9 days after transplanting the bone marrow cells.₂₎ The developing tissue comprised proliferating myocytes and vascular structures. Our studies indicate that locally delivered bone marrow cells can generate de novo myocardium, ameliorating the outcome of coronary artery disease.
Nature 410, 701-705 (2001) ¤è¤ê°úÍÑ

[Ãí] myocardial infarction : ¿´¶Ú¹¼ºÉ
myocytes : ¶ÚºÙË¦
coronary ligation: ´§Æ°Ì®·ë¤µ¤Ä

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[III]
This commentary explains why and how decisions were made about provisions of the Genetic Privacy Act to help readers understand both its scope and the intent of the drafters. The term "Private Genetic Information" is the key to the Act because it defines the information that is protected by it. This definition recognizes that not all genetic information needs or warrants legal protection, and limits the Act's protection to information derived from ( 1 ) analysis. The Act, accordingly, does not protect genetic information derived from medical examinations, family histories, or pedigrees.
Like other kinds of personal information, some genetic information is more sensitive than other genetic information. _(a)Control of some genetic information is more critical for the exercise of personal autonomy, and publication or disclosure of some genetic information can be more damaging or stigmatizing than disclosure of other genetic information. For instance, although height, eye and skin color, and other physical characteristics are inherited and therefore genetic information, such externally-expressed genetic information is not ( 2 ). On the other hand, _(b)knowledge about the presence of a gene that makes it probable that the individual will suffer a debilitating disease later in life is private information, at least until a point in time when symptoms become manifest or the individual intentionally discloses the information.
We wanted to draft a definition that is based on a principled distinction between "private" and other genetic information, and at the same time susceptible to practical application. _(c)The manner in which genetic information is created contributes to its private nature. Genetic analysis of an individual's DNA, such as testing for a specific disease gene, particularly if signs and symptoms of the disease are not manifested, is an obvious source of such private information. Similarly, if an analysis reveals that an individual is the carrier of a recessive disease gene which could be passed on to offspring, this carrier status is private information if derived from a DNA analysis. Carrier status could also be inferred from a genetic condition in an individual's child. Therefore, another source of private genetic information about an individual is the analysis of the DNA of a close ( 3 ) of the individual.

Genetic Privavy Act and Commentary
http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/resource/privacy/privacy1.html

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[IV]
Whether they live in Bangladesh, Botswana or Seattle, all parents want the best for their children. Proving a healthy start in life and through childhood is a priority for every family. _(a)Yet for all the amazing advances we have made in medicine, there are still far too many children who don't have access to even the most basic heath care. More than 2 million children die every year from vaccine-preventable diseases. this is a tragic reality we have ignored for too long. It is global news when an airliner crashed, but rarely newsworthy that 228 children ( 1 ) from preventable diseases every hour of every day. It's time to move this issue of immunization to the top of our global agenda.
The good news is that we can save these children. Measles, polio, whooping cough, yellow fever---diseases that debilitate, disfigure and kill millions of children--- can be prevented with existing vaccines. _(b)Parents in developing countries often walk many miles, or pay high prices, to get the "baby shots" they know their children need--- the same vaccines that parents in developed countries take for granted. In the past it has taken up to 15 years for newly developed vaccines--- among them the recent hepatitis B vaccine---to become available in poor countries. Those delays are measured in childhood fatalities. Our challenge is to provide every child, ( 2 ) of where they live or their family's economic status, with access to lifesaving vaccines.
The power of vaccines---the most cost-effective medical intervention ever invented---lies in their ability to ( 3 ) rather than treat disease. In our own family's case, _(c)it wasn't until we became parents and took our children to be immunized that we fully appreciated the almost magical quality of a medical intervention that protects before limbs go limp of hearts stop beating. Today, vaccines save the lives of 3 million children every year---children fortunate enough to have been born in countries with effective health systems, adequate vaccine supplies and and trained health personnel.

by Bill&Melinda Gates, Newsweek Dec. 14, 2000.

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Solar light has continuously influenced the development, ( a ) and so on of all organisms on the earth. For human beings, it is ( b ) in general, but a part of solar light, UV radiation, can be ( c ). Recently, the depletion of stratospheric ozone and the consequent increase in environmental levels of genotoxic ( d ) in sunlight have lead to fear of a rise in the frequency of ( e ) in human populations.
Ozone, a gas that comprises three atoms of oxygen, is present throughout the atmosphere, but is found in greatest concentrations in the stratosphere. Total column ozone refers to the total amount of ozone present vertically throughout the atmosphere, and includes the troposphere (< 15 km), the stratosphere (15-50 km), etc. At the high concentrations, tropospheric ozone has deleterious effects on human health. It directly affects respiratory function, and the World Health Organization recommends an 8-h maximum exposure of 60 ppb. By contrast, ozone in the stratosphere and elsewhere plays a critical role in protecting living organisms from the ( f ) effects of UV radiation.
Ozone is broken down by sunlight at a wavelength of less than 315 nm. This reaction virtually eliminates UVC radiation (wavelength < 280 nm) from reaching the surface of the planet and greatly reduces the amount of UVB radiation (wavelength 280-320 nm). The process by which ozone is broken down can be greatly increased by the catalytic effect of ( g ), such as ( h ),¡¦Br, ¡¦H, or ¡¦NO. Concern about the ozone-depleting potential of ( i ) has led the United Nations to control their usage. Under the present arrangements (1992), fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons, halons and carbon tetrachloride will be phased out by the year 2000, and methylchloroform by the year 2005. Even so, atmospheric chlorine is expected to rise to seven times its natural level, so further ozone losses and greater ( j ) exposure can be expected over heavily populated areas of the globe. Calculating changes in ( k ) incidence is a two-stage process which must take account of the increase in biologically effective ( l ) that results from an ozone loss of 1 % (optical amplification factor, OAF) and the percentage increase in ( m ) incidence that results from a 1 % increase in annual UV dose (biological amplification factor, BAF). ( n ) data provide a BAF value of approximately 1.7 for basal cell carcinoma and 3.0 for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. The adsorption spectrum of ozone and the increased carcinogenic impact of UV radiation around 300 nm results in a value for OAF of approximately 1.6 %, thus a 10 % loss of ozone, if sufficiently sustained, would eventually increase the incidence of basal and squamous cell carcinomas by almost ( o ) % and ( p ) %, respectively, We, therefore, need to look carefully at the environment in order to safeguard the health of future generations.

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