これだけ知ってりゃなんとかなります
ショナ語

（このページは、JICA Zimbabwe事務所で見つけた資料をquobabweがWeb化したものです。）

はじめに。

ジンバブエまで遠路はるばるようこそ。みなさん職種も様々、都市隊員・田舎隊員それぞれだと思います。
ジンバブエに来たからにはショナ語・ンデベレ語をマスターしよう！
と思っているあなた、最初はみんなそうなんです。
しかし、生活・仕事にショナ語が必要でない、又は英語の方に重きが置かれるとショナ語とは縁遠くなります。
でもね、ショナ語がわかればジンバブエ人同士の内緒話もわかります。
「奴はショナ語ができる」と、ささやかれます。
だから、話してみましょう。これだけでお友達があっちから寄ってきます。

※ある日、「作ってみよう」と思いつき、深い考えはなしにこれは作成されました。ですので、分かりにくく、やる気を失くす構成になっています。まだまだ試作段階である、ということを御了承ください。

12-1 森崎　昌子


1. 一番大切なあいさつ
2. ショナ語の基本文型
3. 現在形
4. 現在進行形
5. 過去形（今日の出来事）
6. 過去形（昨日以前の出来事）
7. 未来形
8. 命令形
9. 禁止
10. 便利なショナ語
1. 一番大切なあいさつ

ショナ語では、あいさつも多種多様。年上の人・年下の人でもまた変わります。ここでは基本的なものをマスターしよう。

○初めて会ったとき、久しぶりに会ったとき
A: Mhoroi. Hallo.
B: Mhoroi.（握手） Hallo.
A: Makadini?（手をたたく） How are you?
B: Ndiripo makadiniwo. I'm fine, how are you?
A: Ndiripo yedu I'm fine.
※yeduをつけると丁寧な言い方になる。

○朝（正午まで）
A: Mangwanani. Good morning.
B: Mangwanani. Good morning.
A: Marara sei? How did you sleep?
B: Ndarara mararawo. I slept. How did you sleep too?
A: Ndarara yedu. I slept.

○昼
A: Masikati. Good afternoon.
B: Masikati. Good afternoon.
A: Maswera sei? How did you spend the day?
B: Ndaswera maswerawo. I spent. How about you too?
A: Ndaswera yedu. I spent.

○夜
A: Manheru. Good evening.
B: Manheru. Good evening.
A: Maswera sei? 昼と同じ
B: Ndaswera maswerawo
A: Ndaswera yedu.

−学校隊員の方へ−
生徒など、年下の人にあいさつする時は、下線を引いた
Makadini → Wakadini
Marara → Warara
Maswera → Waswera
となります。ワケは後述の文法編に書く予定。
kuembera　ジンバのあいさつ
ジンバブエでは、あいさつ・食事の前など、手拍子が重要です。
あいさつする際に試してみましょう。
"ポンポン"と２回ほど。手の平で空間をつくり、音をだす。
<男性>　手のひらは平行
<女性>　手のひらをクロスさせる

2. ショナ語の基本文型
現在形 否定形
I Ndi + no + VERB Ha + ndi + VERB + i
You単 u + no + VERB Ha + u + VERB + i
He/She A + no + VERB Ha + a + VERB + i
We Ti + no + VERB Ha + ti + VERB + i
You複 Mu + no + VERB Ha + mu + VERB + i
They Va + no + VERB Ha + va + VERB + i

現在進行形 否定形
I Ndi + ri + ku + VERB Ha + ndi + si + ku + VERB
You単 u + ri + ku + VERB Ha + u + si + ku + VERB
He/She A + ri + ku + VERB Ha + a + si + ku + VERB
We Ti + ri + ku + VERB Ha + ti + si + ku + VERB
You複 Mu + ri + ku + VERB Ha + mu + si + ku + VERB
They Va + ri + ku + VERB Ha + va + si + ku + VERB

未来形 否定形
I Ndi + cha + VERB Ha + ndi + cha + VERB + i
You単 u + cha + VERB Ha + u + cha + VERB + i
He/She A + cha + VERB Ha + a + cha + VERB + i
We Ti + cha + VERB Ha + ti + cha + VERB + i
You複 Mu + cha + VERB Ha + mu + cha + VERB + i
They Va + cha + VERB Ha + va + cha + VERB + i

過去形（今日の出来事） 否定形
I Nda + VERB Ha + ndi + na + ku + VERB
You単 Wa + VERB Ha + u + na + ku + VERB
He/She A + VERB Ha + a + na + ku + VERB
We Ta + VERB Ha + ti + na + ku + VERB
You複 Ma + VERB Ha + mu + na + ku + VERB
They Va + VERB Ha + va + na + ku + VERB

過去形（昨日以前の出来事） 否定形
I Nda + ka + VERB
You単 Wa + ka + VERB
He/She A + ka + VERB 上記と同じ
We Ta + ka + VERB
You複 Ma + ka + VERB
They Va + ka + VERB

○ショナ語では、より丁寧な言い方にしたい時、相手が一人でも複数形を用いる。
例えば
Urikuenda kupi? ていねい
→		 Murikuenda kupi?
(Where are you going?)
Ari kuHarare. ていねい
→		 Vari kuHarare.
(He/She is in Harare.)

3. 現在形

肯定　Ndi + no + VERB
否定　Ha + ndi + VERB + i
肯定
否定		 Ndinoda tii.
Handidi tiii.		 I want tea.
I don't want tea.
Unobva ku Japan.
Haubvi ku Japan.		 You come from Japan.
You don't come from Japan.
Anoziva chiShona.
haazivi chiShona.		 She knows Shona.
She doesn't know Shona.
Tinodya sadza.
hatidyi sadza.		 We eat sadza.
we don't eat sadza.
Munonwa doro.
hamunwi doro.		 You drink beer.
You don't drink beer.
Vanogara kuHarare.
Havagari kuHarare.		 They live in Harare.
They don't live in Harare.
※dya:ジガ、dyi:ジギと発音する。

<会話例>
Unoda chii?
- Ndinoda tii.		 What do you want?
- I want tea.
Anoziva chiShona here?
- Ehe, anoziva chiShona.		 Does she know Shona?
- Yes, she knows Shona.
Munodya sadza here?
- Aiwa, hatidyi sadza.		 Do you eat sadza?
- No, we don't eat sadza.

<have> 持っている構文
'have'は'-ne'だが、'Ndinone'とはならない。
肯定
否定		 Ndine mari.
Handina mari.		 I have money.
I don't have money.
Une basa.
Hauna basa.		 You have job.
You don't have job.
Ano mwana.
Haana mwana.		 She has a child.
She doesn't have a child.
Tina maapro.
Hatina maapro.		 We have apples.
We don't have apples.
Mune nzara.
Hamuna nzara		 You are hungry. (You have hungry.)
You are not hungry.
Vane nguva.
Havana nguva.		 They have time.
They don't have time.

<vocabulary>
-da want mari money
tii tea basa job
-bva come from mwana child
-ziva know apro apple
-dya -eat nzara hungry
-nwa -drink nguva time
-gara -live, sit
here? 〜ですか？
Ehe Yes
Aiwa No

4. 現在進行形

肯定　Ndi + ri + ku + VERB
否定　Ha + ndi + si + ku + VERB

-ri-が英語のbe動詞にあたる
肯定
否定		 Ndirikudya sadza.
Handisikudya sadza.		 I am eating sadza.
I'm not eating sadza.
Urikuenda kubasa.
Handisikuenda kubasa.		 You are going to work.
You are not going to work.
Arikurara.
Haasikurara.		 He/She is sleeping.
He/She is not sleeping.
Tirikuuya!
Hatisikuuya.		 We are coming!
We are not coming.
Murikutamba soccer.
Hamusikutamba soccer.		 You are playing soccer.
You are not playing soccer.
Varikutarisa TV.
Havasikutarisa TV.		 They are watching TV.
They are not watching TV.

<会話例>
Ndirikuenda kupi?
- Urikuenda kubasa.		 Where am I going?
- You are going to work.
Uyai kuno!
- Tirikuuya!		 Come here!
- We are coming!
Arikurara here?
- Aiwa, haasikurara.		 Is he/she sleeping?
- No, he/she is not sleeping.

<I am> 構文
'ri = be動詞。
肯定
否定		 Ndiri Japanese.
Handisi Japanese.		 I am Japanese.
I am not Japanese.
Uri musikana.
Hausi musikana.		 You are a girl.
You are not a girl.
Ari muRungu.
Haasi muRungu.		 He/She is a foreigner.
He/She is not a foreigner.
Tiri shamwari.
Hatisi shamwari.		 You are girls.
You are not friends.
Muri vasikana.
Hamusi vasikana.		 You are girls.
You are not girls.
Vari vakomana.
Havasi vakomana.		 They are boys.
They are not boys.

<vocabulary>
-enda go musikana girl
-rara sleep vasikana girls
-uya come muRungu a foreigner
-tamba play shamwari friend
-tarisa watch mukomana boy
kupi? where? vakomana boys

5. 過去形（今日の出来事）

肯定　Nda + VERB
否定　Ha + ndi + na + ku + VERB
肯定
否定		 Ndarara zvakanaka.
Handinakurara zvakanaka.		 I slept well.
I didn't sleep well.
waenda kuchurch.
Haunaenda kuchurch.		 You went to church.
You didn't go to church.
Auya.
Haanakuuya.		 He/She came.
He/She didn't come.
Tabika sadza.
Hatinakubika sadza.		 We cooked sadza.
We didn't cook sadza.
Maita basa.
Hamunakuita basa.		 You did job.
You didn't do job.
Vanwa tii.
Havanakunwa tii.		 They drank tea.
They didn't drink tea.

<会話例>
Auya here?
- Haanakuuya.		 Did he/she come?
He/She didn't come.
Maitabasa.
- Munotendei.		 ありがとう。(You did job.)
どういたしまして。
Mabika chii?
- Tabika sadza.		 What didi you cook?
We cooked sadza.

6. 過去形（昨日以前の出来事）

肯定　Nda + ka + VERB
否定　Ha + ndi + na + ku + VERB
肯定
否定		 Ndakaenda kuHarare.
Handinakuenda kuHarare.		 I went to Harare.
I didn'T go to Harare.
Wakatenga chingwa.
Haunakutenga chingwa.		 You bought bread.
You didn't buy bread.
Akafamba nebhazi.
Haanakufamba neBhazi.		 He went by bus.
He didn't go by bus.
Makaita basa.
Hamunakuita basa.		 You did the work.
You didn't do the work.
Vakatora masweet.
Havanakutora masweet.		 They took sweets.
They didn't take sweets.

<会話例>
Wakaenda kupi?
- Ndakaenda kuHarare.		 Where did you go?
- I went to Harare.
Vakatora masweet here?
- Aiwa, havana.		 Did they take sweets?
- No, they didn't

<vocabulary>
chingwa bread
-tora take

7. 未来形

肯定　Ndi +cha + VERB
否定　Ha + ndi + cha + VERB + i
肯定
否定		 Ndichaita basa.
Handichaiti basa.		 I will do the work.
I won't do the work.
Uchaenda kuJapan.
Hauchaendi kuJapan.		 You will go to Japan.
You won't go to Japan.
Achauya.
Haachauyi.		 He will come.
He won't come.
Tichatenga chingwa.
Hatichatengi chingwa.		 We will buy bread.
We won't buy bread.
Muchadzoka mangwana.
Hamuchadzoki.		 You'll come back tomorrow.
You won't come back.
Vachaenda netaxi.
Havachaendi netaxi.		 They will come by taxi.
They won't come by taxi.

<会話例>
Vachadzoka rini?
- Vachadzoka mangwana.		 When they come back?
- They will come back tomorrow.
Muchauya here?
- Ehe, ndichauya.		 will you come?
- Yes, I will come.

<vocabulary>
-dzoka come back
rini? when?

8. 命令形

動詞だけ言えば命令形になる。
GO! COME! SIT DOWN!
相手が一人 enda! uya! gara pasi!
相手が複数
又は少し丁寧にしたい		 endai! uyai! garai pasi!
より丁寧にしたい endaiwo. uyaiwo. garaiwo.

9. 禁止

Usa + VERB.
Musa + VERB.
Don't go! Don't come in!
相手が一人 Usaende. Usapinde.
相手が複数
又は少し丁寧にしたい		 Musaende. Musapinde.

10. 便利なショナ語

Maiabasa.
Munotendei.		 ありがとう。
どういたしまして。
Ndipewo tii. 紅茶をください。
Ndaguta.
Ndine nzara		 お腹いっぱい。
お腹がすいたよ。
Imarii?
Dzikisaiwo.		 いくらですか？
まけてよー。
（子供に対して）　Urikuitei?
文法的に正しくはUrikuita chii?		 何やってるの？
Munoitasei? 'to cook' chiShona? 'cook'はショナ語では何と言いますか？
Zinorevei? どういう意味ですか？
Ndaneta. つかれた。
Tamba! 踊れ！
Handina mari. お金ありません。
Ndapedza basa.
Mapedza here?		 仕事終わりました。
終わりましたか？
Makachena! きまってるねぇ！
Irikunaka. おいしいです。
Pamusoroi. Excuse me.